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Brachytherapy is a type of radiation treatment that involves placing a radioactive source directly inside or very close to the tumor tissue. This localized approach allows for a high dose of radiation to be delivered to the tumor while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. By positioning the radioactive material close to the cancer cells, brachytherapy can effectively treat certain types of cancers, such as prostate, breast, and cervical cancer, among others.

The other choices refer to different modalities of cancer treatment. Systemic chemotherapy works throughout the entire body and targets rapidly dividing cells, not specifically localized like brachytherapy. External beam radiation therapy involves directing radiation towards the tumor from outside the body, which differs fundamentally from the direct implantation in brachytherapy. Traditional surgery involves the physical removal of the tumor and does not involve the use of radiation, making it distinct from the radiation-based approach of brachytherapy.